H32 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents: FirmReturn

This article discusses the tax implications of choosing a property acquisition method for real estate funds. As part of the analysis of real estate investment methods, data from 49 real estate funds registered with the Czech National Bank were processed. An analysis of the assets held and the type of returns of individual funds revealed that the most common method of investing in real estate is lending to a subsidiary real estate company. This method of real estate acquisition is based on the accounting effects of revaluation of assets in mergers of an acquisition company established by the fund and an acquired real estate company. At the same time, it is a method that maximizes the tax optimization of the participants and its choice could be assessed as purposeful in order to obtain a tax advantage.

Due to the growing volume of public procurements in the Czech Republic every year, the topic of their quality setting and the achieved result is extremely relevant. One of the important qualitative criteria of public procurement (PP) is the degree of competition, which, as domestic and foreign studies show, affects the final, competitive price of PP. In our article, we focused on the relationship between the degree of competition and the achieved savings from PP in the Czech healthcare system in the period from 2014 to 2019. Our analysis confirmed a statistically significant inversely proportional relationship between the number of offers and the final price achieved through PP. A negative finding is the fact that the number of offers and thus the level of competition in the Czech healthcare system has been declining since 2014, which is related to the growing number of PPs with one offer.

Increased efficiency of public procurement represents one of key factors of functional public finance. Slovak health care is the example of a service delivery area, suffering from permanent financial problems – improved public procurement would serve as one of tools to cope with them. The goal of this paper is to analyse the current situation of the public procurement in the Slovak health care system. We map both technical and allocative efficiency dimensions. The research sample represents all procurement cases of health care institutions in Slovakia for the period 2014 - 2019 (2141 cases). We also mapped in very detailed way all purchases of health technologies by Slovak hospitals in 2017 (11 cases). Our results mirror the core problems of the system. Efficiency is limited because of limited competitiveness (the potential of competition to achieve economy and efficiency is not utilised), because of the excessive use of the lowest price selection criterion and because of the fact that procurements are prepared without necessary ex-ante analysis of effectiveness of the planned purchase.

This article explains behavior of fiscal deceiver who is aversive to a risk as rational and economic behavior. This fiscal deceiver contemplates and costs against possible utility during the tampering of the law (tax) standards. Within this article is the decision making of the fiscal deceiver demonstrated in four simple model examples. The main objective of this paper is to show by using model examples the behavior of individuals at risk in the context of paying taxes and to draw appropriate measures from these examples to increase tax collection (thus reducing the advantages of tax evasion and increase its detection). As an appropriate and effective measures can be recommended the increase of fines and restrictions on registration in Prague. To increase the frequency of tax audits and the implementation of general measures, such as inspection reports, is certainly not a good idea because it is expensive for tax payers and the state.

The aim of this paper is to try to prove using a panel regression analysis the influence of the EATR (Effective Average Tax Rates are the indicators that businesses take into account during decisions on their investments and methods of financing) and selected variables as explanatory variables on the own constructed indicators of the share of different types of financing and different investments into selected assets to the total amount of assets. The EU countries are divided into two groups for the purpose of article: the old and new member states. A comparison is made between these two groups of countries. The panel data were obtained from financial statements of selected EU companies. These data were obtained from the AMADEUS database.

The article focuses on trends in tax revenue from corporate income tax in the Czech Republic, the development of number of taxpayers; corporate profits tax bases and the interactions between them. It also shows impacts of profit adjustments on corporate tax revenues. The results of the analysis show that it is difficult to explain the variation in the tax base or tax revenue only by one variable, such as the development of the economy, the number of taxpayers and the tax and accounting rules. Dependency between the tax obligation and the number of taxpayers or the tax rate was not confirmed. Only weak dependency exists between changes in GDP and changes in tax, mainly due to fluctuations in taxes in the first half of the nineties of the last century; in the last decade the dependency is stronger. Relatively strong is the relationship between accounting profit of firms and GDP, especially in the last 15 years. For the calculation of the tax base more important than firms profits are changes of profits to tax base and this effect during the economic slowdown increased.