G38 - Corporate Finance and Governance: Government Policy and RegulationReturn

This paper investigates the tax harmonization in the European Union in the context of the Economic Crisis. The aim is to analyze an evolution of taxes with the greatest harmonizing tendencies. Two of them are indirect taxes - VAT and excise tax, and one is direct tax - corporate income tax. In the paper, the main basis of the harmonization process and basic legal standards are summarized. The paper concludes that harmonization of these taxes can be divided into two areas. It is quite successful in the area of indirect taxes, the former turnover taxes were replaced by the value added taxes, and the EU member states have also found agreement about excise duties which should be used. On the other way the area of direct taxes is very sensitive and a lot of initiatives of the Commission were abolished due to different national interests. During the Economic Crisis a new need for tax harmonization has arisen, especially for further coordination of the chosen taxes.

The study analyzes the negative relationship between stock market returns and inflation. This finding is contrary to the standard view of the stock as an instrument for hedging of property against rising prices. The paper aims to summarize the main theoretical explanations for this relationship and replicates with the empirical data from the United States and the Czech Republic earlier study explaining the relationship with a string of fiscal and monetary reasons. The study used standard correlation and regression analysis. Results of the study for the most part did not confirm earlier conclusions about a possible explanation of the negative relationship between inflation and stock returns with those reasons.

We review some relevant literature in the field of tax evasion avoidance proposals. Unfortunately legislative a political conditions (double taxation treaties, tax competition) prevent some of the most useful designs proposed in the scholar literature, to be widely used in Europe. Then we concentrated on properties of transfer pricing rules proposed by OECD guidelines - Cost+ method, comparable resale price method (CRP), profit split method (PSM), comparable uncontrolled price method. We used neoclassical microeconomic model of firm a simulation tools (random cost a income functions). We found that some of these methods (PSM, CRP with fixed discount) cause quite large distortions in the optimal quantity of final good (a therefore also intermediate product) produced. PSM also falls short on the instability of profitability between related industries in time. The most inconvenient property of Cost+ a CRP, which do not distort quantity produced by MNE if percentage markup (discount) is used, is that they are very sensitive to quality of database revenue authority uses, to stability of prices within industry a to profit margin. VAT or turnover taxes are naturally less sensitive, so emphasis on VAT might be a partial solution of multinationals' pricing problem.

The article dealed about finding suitable model market conformal governing on czech financial market. Current organization of CNB as supervisory body in Czech republic are discussed. Futher the study of World bank about corporate governance in insurance branch and by care of consumers on financial market is commented. Authors meaning is not to increase the governing measure on financial markets.