G18 - General Financial Markets: Government Policy and RegulationReturn

The paper describes the different models of organization of the financial supervision in the financial market and assesses their use. Supervision in the Czech Republic has undergone its own development, thanks to which we have witnessed both sectoral organization of the financial supervision and also its centralization under the Czech National Bank, which currently declares the shift of the model to the functional model with an emphasis on preserving and maintaining financial market stability. The post-crisis period has seen many changes under the EU supervision, reflected in particular on creating new supervisory authorities. Assessing these changes are accompanied by a self-regulatory initiatives of individual financial market participants, with an emphasis on pointing out the individual needs of clients of banks and financial institutions.

The article addresses international regulation in the field of officially supported export credits. The author emphasizes differences between respective bank and insurance markets as well as differences between functioning of the respective commercial and state supported institutions. Analysis of the competition background at particular markets is followed by assessment of the legal regulation that limits export credit agencies´ operations with impact on Czech exporters´ competitiveness. Czech exporters suffer from partial disadvantage stemming from regulation at Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development level. At the European Union level were Czech exporters partially disadvantaged at the short-term insurance market during the financial crisis. On the other side, they can take advantage from above standard services that provides export credit financing market in the Czech Republic.

There are mainly three possible options of the future developments in the financial supervisory framework of the EU: (1) the status quo with the possible partial modifications; (2) to create a specific regime for cross-border financial groups, or (3) creation of the European Supervision System along the lines of the European System of Central Banks. In terms of long-term development of financial markets and supervisory framework needs the third option presents the most suitable solution. However, due to the fact that its practical implementation is limited by a number of key assumptions and conditions, without their prior fulfillment the creation of such a system would be irresponsible decision. As we can see on the example of the euro area, risks associated with potential costs would far outweigh the expected benefits.

The article is dealing with the description of the Czech institutions engaged in the export credit risk mitigation. The analyzed institutions are Export Guarantee and Insurance Corporation and Czech Export Bank. The activities of these institutions described in this article are placed in the general context of the international framework of export credit and insurance and in the context of the export strategy of the Czech Republic for the years 2006- 2010.

This paper surveys the institutional arrangement of the financial regulation and supervision. Financial markets channel funds from savers to borrowers by expediting the creation and trading of financial instruments. Financial markets consist of numerous smaller financial submarkets that specialize in different types of financial instruments, different types of customers. The future of financial markets can see in the consolidation of the financial institutions. There are four fundamental objectives of financial regulation. The first is to ensure the safety and credibility of the financial institutions. Second, the central bank uses regulation to provide financial stability. The third objective is to provide an efficient and competitive financial system. Finally, financial regulation should protect consumers from abuses by financial institutions. There are many models of the institutional arrangement of the financial regulation and supervision. Financial theory indicates a wide variety of institutional arrangements, suggesting that is no universal ideal model. Model of the regulation and supervision do not guarantee better supervision. More rational structures may help, but, fundamentally, more efficient supervision comes from independent and transparent supervisory body with bettertrained staff and better enforcement, supporting the development of the financial market.