F21 - International Investment; Long-term Capital MovementsReturn

The paper aims to determine the factors and specifics that shape the balance of primary incomes. The analysis is performed according to the availability of data for all countries of the world for the period 1980–2016 employing panel regression. The text is based on theories of international movements of factors of production. The specifics influencing the development of the balance of primary income include the composition of net foreign assets, which is to some extent influenced by the development stage of the economy and the status of the reserve currency. Incomes from the international labor movement also play a role, which significantly affect the balance of primary incomes of small economies and some medium and more developed economies.

Our paper is a reaction to changes made in the structure and construction of balance of payments introduced by the sixth edition of International Monetary Fund´s (IMF) Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BMP6). The first part of our paper provides a brief historical account of the methodological development of individual IMF´s manuals. The main changes are analysed and compared with the preceding manual, the BPM5, which was released in 1993. The new manual emphasises both the stock as well as the flow variables. For this reason, a detailed analysis of evolution of the international investment position that records, at a point in time, the value and composition of financial assets and liabilities of residents of an economy to non-residents is provided. Various factors as well as the impact of BMP6 new methodology that influence the development of international investment position of the Czech Republic between 2008 to 2015 are discussed. The attention has also been drawn to the evolution of external debt in relation to GDP and particular sectors. We conclude our paper with a discussion of factors that affect the value of external debt.

The transformation process in market economies is inherently connected with the inflow of foreign capital, which replaces the missing domestic resources. This also applies to the Czech and Slovak economies, whereto the capital primarily in the form of foreign direct investment has flown since the early nineties. The following article is devoted to the comparison of the impact of these investments on the external balance in terms of the balance of payments in both countries after their accession to the EU. It deals with the impact of revenues from foreign direct investment on the current account deficit of the balance of payments and methods of its coverage from the impact on the external balance point of view. Attention is also paid to the comparison of the development of the total external debt of both countries, both in terms of volume and structure of the foreign debt.

Main target of the article is to point out potential methodological obstacles to balance of payments budgeting and to show an impact of foreign direct investments on country's external economic equilibrium. The article consists of three parts. The first one is devoted to short review of a development of balance of payments methodology with respect to main changes that were a part of individual manuals. The second one is devoted to an analysis of foreign direct investments impact on current and financial accounts of balance of payments. The last part focuses on a capability of external economic equilibrium indicators.

Foreign direct investments are generally considered as one of the factors with positive influence on the economic development of countries in which this investments flow. In evaluating the impact of foreign direct investment on development, however, a key question is whether foreign direct investment crowd in domestic investment, or foreign direct investment crowd out domestic investment. The aim of this paper is to examine whether foreign direct investment in selected countries of Balkan crowds in or crowds out domestic investment. For this purpose we apply theoretical model of investment that includes foreign direct investment as an exogenous variable. We proceed test it with panel data for the period 1993 - 2009 and the two subperiods 1993 - 1999 and 2000 - 2009. We found that for the time period 1993 - 2009 and the two subperiods 1993 - 1999 and 2000 - 2009 there was an evidence of crowding out effect or neutral effect in the selected countries of Balkan.

Presented article deals with a theoretical analysis of dynamics of both net international investment position to GDP ratio and net costs of negative investment position in terms of its main determinants. It also analyzes a special case of a link between negative net investment position and positive net revenues. Next it is discussed how far is this case possible in transitive countries. The article points out important differences between a position of large advanced and small transitive economies in case of costs of net investment position. With respect to this main factors as country's position of FDI lender/debtor, country's currency position of investment/invoicing currency, exogeneity of foreign assets and liabilities interest yields and last but not least role of FX reserves accumulation by central bank and position of foreign currency denominated loans on foreign liabilities side are discussed